International reference atlas
A visible gap and an actual pen lift are not necessarily the same event.
Handwriting and graphology
Describe where one stroke ends and the next begins. Compare the same letter combination, taking the joining conventions of the writing system into account.
A fine connecting stroke may disappear in a compressed image. Without the original, report a visible gap and leave open whether the pen left the paper.
Graphology associates handwriting with personality. Each proposed link needs an independent test of its predictive value.
Handwriting and graphologyA person may form one letter several ways even within one sentence. Comparison needs a range of examples rather than the nearest match.
Handwriting and graphologyExaminers consider how a stroke travels, breaks and changes along its path. With a photograph the first question is which details the image actually retains.
Graphologist Israel